Domestic Space Heating

Domestic Space Heating

It is theoretically possible to insulate a house so that heat from lighting, cooking and the human body, togther with passive solar design techniques, maintains a comfortable temperature (1).
Zero energy input housing often follow the PassivHaus construction standards (2).
Biomass, i.e. plant matter, as a fuel results in zero net release of carbon dioxide. Of course, CO₂ emissions may occur during production and transportation.
Heat pumps, both ground and air, draw thermal energy from the ground and air respectively. Heat pumps can be considered "green" if the pump is run on electricity from a renewable source, or on biodiesel. The main attraction is that the amount of energy required to operate the heat pump is only a quarter of the heat energy gained.
Combined Heat and Power is used extensively to provide communities with a source of heat as a result of the generation of electricity from local power plants (3).

Biomass fuels include logs, wood chips, wood pellets, agricultural waste, biogas, biodiesel, vegetable oil and newspaper bricks. Some stoves can accept multi-fuel sources, and are available from many suppliers. Other sources, such as grass (4), are being actively investigated.

Ground Source Heat Pumps (GSHPs) take heat from the ground and transfer it to a building for heating water. The heated water is typically used for space heating utilising an underfloor heating system. This form of heating system is cheaper than all except mains gas. For the coldest periods a secondary heating source, such as a multi-fuel burner, should be considered.

Air Source Heat Pumps (ASHPs) is a new development in heating technology. They draw thermal energy from the air at ambient temperature that is passed over a finned heat exchanger. As with GSHPs, they release up to four times more heat energy than they consume, and are well suited to providing the heat source for under-floor heating systems. However, they don't require large or deep trenches, and providing they are sited away from buildings create minimal noise pollution (5).

Stirling engines are a form of micro-CHP that generate energy from small external temperature gradients. Several manufacturers have introduced Stirling engines for household use. They are generally compact devices about the size of a washing machine, and use gas or propane to operate (6). The engine can produce hot water as well as electricity at a 90% efficiency rate. Excess electricity can be fed back to the national grid for a credit.

Further Information

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